![]() ![]() ![]() The sine in trigonometry is a derivative of the same word. That is an excellent example of the semantic change known as SPECIALIZATION ( §15). Though Latin sinus could mean any curve or fold, English has limited the meaning of the word to a fold in the facial bone structure. Therefore, consider these Latin noun bases to be gradu-, ritu-, sinu-, situ-, and spiritu. On the analogy of man u al, just think of English grad u al, rit u al, sin u ous, sit u ate, and spirit u al. Our – us rule-of-thumb works for all the words here. Table 3.3 LATIN FOURTH DECLENSION NOUNS (M.) gradus The following table presents a small sampling of these nouns you will meet quite a few more when we come to examine the Latin verb, since most 4th declension nouns are derived from verbs. As the French gender reveals, the Latin word was feminine, though most 4th declension nouns were MASCULINE. Latin manus has no simple noun derivative in English, though it is, of course, the source of French la main. It would be correct to say, in English, “one apparatus, two apparatus ” but it would also be acceptable to anglicize and say, “two apparatuses.” Whatever you do, don’t say “two apparati,” since that is neither Latin nor English. If you should want to pluralize any of these words in English, and you mean to follow Latin practice, you will not change the word in spelling-the Latin plural of census is census. )Ī few 4th declension nouns appear unchanged in English: status, sinus, census, consensus, hiatus, appar atus. (Contrast 2nd declension foc-us, E foc-al 3rd declension corpus, corpor-is, E. For this reason, we shall say that the BASE of manus is manu. This rule works because the – u– vowel clings to the Latin base in forming Latin derivatives and the Latin spelling is regularly maintained in English. ![]() To illustrate, if you are confronted with an unfamiliar – us noun-say, manus (“hand”)-and you can think of an English word in – u a l like “man u al,” assume that the word belongs to the 4th declension. IF ANY LATIN -us NOUN HAS AN ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WITH A -u- BEFORE THE FINAL SYLLABLE, IT IS ALMOST SURE TO BE A 4TH DECLENSION LATIN WORD. ![]()
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