![]() ![]() Sources: Super Duper Publications Mommy Speech Therapy. Phonological processes can lead to significantly reduced speech intelligibility if they are left untreated. If any process is evident in the child’s speech past the age of seven years old, it is imperative that they are evaluated by a speech-language pathologist. It is important for parents, caregivers and teachers to be knowledgeable of phonological processes. love → wove road → woad)Ī vowel sound is added between two constants. Phonemes /r/ and /l/ are replaced by /w/ (e.g. chips → ships)Ī consonant cluster is reduced to a single consonant (e.g. jump → dump)Īn affricate “ch” or “j” is replaced with a fricative or stop like /sh/ or /d/. door → joor)Ī fricative sound like /f/ or /s/ or affricate sound like “ch” or “j” is substituted with a stop consonant like /p/ or /b/. cookie → tootie)Ī non-affricate sound is replaced by an affricate (“ch” or “j”). bottle → baba)īack phonemes /k/ and /g/ are replaced by front phonemes /t/ and /d/. ![]() The child repeats the first syllable two times. telephone → telephone)Ĭhildren delete the last consonant of a word. Phonological ProcessĬhildren delete the unstressed syllable. A phonological disorder occurs when a child has not outgrown, or suppressed the phonological process past the expected age. 4).Phonological processes are sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are developing speech and language skills. , and that earlier implementation of the Cycles Approach results in improved outcome. , that children with less severe phonological and language impairments improve in both domains when the Cycles Approach is used. There is no predetermined level of mastery of phonemes or phoneme patterns within each cycle cycles are used to stimulate the emergence of a specific sound or pattern, not produce mastery of it.Įvidence indicates that the "Cycles Approach results in improved consonant production in conversational contexts. The goal is to approximate the gradual normal phonological development process. Recycling of phonological patterns continues until the targeted patterns are present in the child's spontaneous speech (Hodson, 2010 Prezas & Hodson, 2010). After each cycle has been completed, another cycle begins, targeting one or more different phonological patterns. During each cycle, one or more phonological patterns are targeted. The goal is to increase intelligibility within a short period of time, and treatment is scheduled in cycles ranging from 5 to 16 weeks. What could therapy look like? The cycles approach targets phonological pattern errors and is designed for highly unintelligible children who have extensive omissions, some substitutions, and a restricted use of consonants. Grunwell, 1987, Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Systems Corporation **Please consult with a Speech Language Pathologist to determine if your child is exhibiting a phonological disorder or an age-appropriate simplification. This process often continues past the age of 5 years. For example, a child might say “wun” for “run” or “wip” for “lip”. This process is when a child produces a /w/ for a /r/ or /l/. ‘v’, ‘s’, ‘z’ = 3 years to 3 years, 6 months This process should be suppressed between the ages of 3 years and 5+ years depending on the sound: For example, the child might say “doo” for “zoo” or “pun” for “fun”. There are many different patterns of simplifications or phonological processes. The Development of Phonological Skills Phonological skill develops in a predictable progression. This process is when a child substitutes a consonant where the airflow is stopped (p, b, t, d, k, g) for a fricative or affricate sound that has continuous airflow (f, v, s, z, sh, ch, j, th). This process should be suppressed between the ages of 3 years 6 months and 4 years. For example, a child might say “ghetti” for “spaghetti” or “micwave” for “microwave”. This process occurs when a child leaves off an unstressed syllable in a multisyllabic word. For example, a child might say “nake” for “snake” or “bush” for “brush”. This process occurs when a child leaves off a sound in a consonant blend of two or more sounds. This process should be suppressed by the age of 3 years. ![]() For example, a child might say “dum” for “gum” or “tat” for “cat”. This process is when a child substitutes a sound made at the front of the mouth (t, d, p, b, m) for a sound that is produced in the back of the mouth (k, g, ng). ![]() For example, a child might say “ha” for “hat” or “ca” for “cat”. This process is when a child leaves off the ending or final sound in a word. For example, a child might say “up” for “cup” or “an” for “man”. This process is when a child leaves off the beginning or initial sound in a word. ![]()
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